5.50 APPARENT AUTHORITY CHARGE model jury charge
In this case, plaintiff(s) contend(s) that the defendant hospital is liable for the physician’s negligence under a theory of “apparent authority.” Apparent authority arises where a hospital, through its actions, holds out a particular physician as its agent and/or employee in a manner that leads a patient to reasonably believe that the doctor is rendering treatment on behalf of the hospital.1 Thus, liability is determined based on the hospital’s actions rather than merely the existence of a contractual relationship.
Where a hospital provides a doctor for its patient and the totality of the circumstances created by the hospital’s actions and inactions leads the patient to reasonably believe that this doctor is rendering care on behalf of the hospital, the hospital has held out that doctor as its agent.2 A hospital can do this without actively misrepresenting the doctor’s agency or even without affirmatively misleading the patient.3 In accepting the doctor’s care under circumstances where a reasonable patient would believe that the doctor was rendering treatment on behalf of the hospital, the plaintiff’s reasonable belief may be presumed unless evidence is presented to rebut this presumption.4
1 Basil v. Wolf, 193 N.J. 38, 67 (2007) (quoting and approving Arthur v. St. Peters Hosp., 169 N.J. Super. 575, 581 (Law Div. 1970)).
2 Estate of Cordero v. Christ Hospital, 403 N.J. Super. 306, 310-11 (App. Div. 2008).
3 See Arthur, supra at 577-78 (only evidence of action by hospital in “holding out” the doctors to the patients was that the hospital provided doctors to treat an emergency).
4 Id.CHARGE 5.50 ― Page 2 of 2
5 Estate of Cordero, supra, 403 N.J. Super. at 317.
6 Estate of Cordero, supra, 403 N.J. Super. at 318.
7 Id. at 318-319.
In examining the totality of the circumstances in coming to your determination as to the reasonableness of the plaintiff’s beliefs, you should measure his/her belief from the perspective of a patient of ordinary prudence and understanding of the hospital’s procedures.5 Additionally, your determination should take into account relevant evidence that rebuts the presumption as to the plaintiff’s reasonable belief that the doctor was providing care on behalf of the hospital.6
Thus, the following are among the relevant circumstances that you should consider in their totality when determining whether the hospital’s actions or inactions led the plaintiff to reasonably believe that the doctor was acting on the hospital’s behalf:
whether the hospital supplied the doctor;
the nature of the medical care and whether the specialty, like anesthesiology, radiology or emergency care, is typically provided in a hospital and is an integral part of the medical treatment received in a hospital;
whether the plaintiff had any notice of the doctor’s independence from the hospital or disclaimers of responsibility;
whether the plaintiff had an opportunity to reject the care or select a different doctor;
whether the plaintiff had contact with the doctor prior to the incident at issue; and
whether the plaintiff had any special knowledge about the doctor’s contractual arrangement with the hospital.7
