Now, even in a Divorce case,
the [opposing party] may be called in any case. See LERMAN v. LERMAN 245 N.J.
Super. 312 (1990):
“Under what circumstances may an
adverse party in a matrimonial action be called as a witness and to what extent
shall that testimony be binding? This court holds not only that an adverse
party may be called as a witness, but that such witness shall be deemed
"hostile per se," thus triggering all concomitant means
of examination permissible under the law.
In lay terms, "hostile" is
"of or pertaining to an enemy; antagonistic." The American
Heritage Dictionary 624 (2 Coll. ed. 1985). A witness is hostile or
adverse when there is a manifestation of "so much hostility or prejudice
under examination
[245 N.J. Super. 314]
in chief that the party who has called
him or his representative, is allowed to cross-examine him, i.e., to
treat him as though he had been called by the opposite party." Black's
Law Dictionary 665 (5 ed. 1979). This court takes judicial notice of
the fact that, if litigants in a matrimonial action are at a point whereby the
only means of reaching a final judgment is in having a judge determine the
issues, there is no doubt the parties are antagonistic. There is no need to
wait and see if the adverse party is an uncooperative witness when called.
Rather, it would better serve judicial economy to declare the witness hostile
at the commencement of the questioning and proceed accordingly. The present
state of matrimonial law in New Jersey calls for the parties to disclose
complete and considerable information regarding income and assets in order to
either arrive at an equitable property settlement agreement which eventually
becomes part of the judgment of divorce, or to place each party into a position
where they have full knowledge of the other's financial posture for trial
purposes. It is frequently the case that the proof behind such disclosures are
clandestine, or at least covert, and not easily evoked, even through discovery.
This may be especially true when a party's financial situation is entirely
self-contained, that is, when the party is self-employed or involved in a
family-owned or close corporation in which the purse strings can be readily
controlled and even manipulated. When a trial court is faced with these circumstances,
the only viable means to procure certain information may be through actual
testimony of the parties under oath. As New Jersey presently has no statute
specifically precluding the calling of an adverse party as a witness in a
divorce action, this court finds no reason to disallow it.
The complaint for divorce was filed
on May 24, 1987, and the matter was finally reached for trial on May 31, 1990.
In the interim, while plaintiff had been represented by four different
attorneys, considerable discovery took place, including examination of the
books and records of defendant's business by plaintiff's retained accountant.
Also, several trial dates were
[245 N.J. Super. 315]
adjourned during this period, giving
the parties ample time to procure all available financial information. The
parties' financial matters were extremely complicated and the documents
admitted into evidence did not fully reflect the disposition of marital assets
during the pendency of the litigation especially with reference to the proceeds
of the sale of real property. Additionally, the tax returns submitted in
evidence did not clearly depict the parties' true income. In order for
plaintiff to present the necessary evidence to the court for purposes of
equitable distribution and support, defendant was called as a witness for the
purpose of obtaining further definitive information concerning assets. The
court declared him to be a hostile witness and stated that the rules regarding
direct examination would be dispensed with and that the witness could be
cross-examined. When defendant's attorney objected to the procedure and
insisted that his testimony be binding as to plaintiff, this court overruled
the objection and found that plaintiff's attorney could question the witness in
any manner he wished and only defendant was to be bound, stating that there can
be no more hostile a witness than the adverse party in a divorce action. Such a
situation presents a classic exception to the rules governing testimonial
evidence.
It has been generally held that in
the absence of a statute or rule of procedure providing otherwise, the calling
of an adverse party as a witness binds the calling party as to the credibility
and conclusiveness of the testimony unless same is contradicted. 32A C.J.S.,
Evidence, § 1040(2). In the past, New Jersey courts also followed this
premise. Krafte v. Belfus, 114 N.J. Eq. 207,
168 A. 755 (Ch. 1933). Many jurisdictions have adopted
statutes or rules which serve to modify or abrogate the harshness of the
obvious result when, in a case such as this hotly contested matrimonial action,
the information solicited is known solely by the other spouse. See Conn.
Gen. Stat. Ann. § 52-178 (West 1960) (amended 1982) (Adverse parties
may be compelled to testify); Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 90.608(2)
(Who may impeach); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5935 (Purdon
1978) (Examination
[245 N.J. Super. 316]
of person adversely interested); R.I.
Gen. Laws § 9-17-14 (1985 Reenactment) (Adverse party as witness). The
Appellate Division has held that while many cases have stood for the
proposition that a party is bound by testimony of the witness called,
"such a rule, so broadly stated, ill serves the cause of
justice." Becker v. Eisenstodt, 60 N.J.Super. 240,
248, 158
A.2d 706 (App.Div.
1960). As in that medical malpractice suit where defendant had special
knowledge of the circumstances under which plaintiff was injured, so too this defendant
was privy to information which could best be elicited through testimony given
under oath and with great leeway afforded the scope of such examination.
The Federal Rules of
Evidence state that when "a party calls a hostile witness, an
adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party, interrogation may
be by leading questions." Fed.R.Evid. 611(c). This rule
is an exception to the traditional proposition that leading questions are
improper. The rule also deals with categories of witnesses to be automatically
regarded and treated as hostile. See Fed.R.Evid. 611(c)
advisory committee's note. It is clear that a party to a divorce action would
be considered a hostile witness under the federal rules. However, New Jersey
has not adopted this federal rule as its own. New Jersey law states that
"[except as otherwise provided by law, when any party is called as a
witness by the adverse party he shall be subject to the same rules as to
examination and cross-examination as other witnesses." N.J.S.A. 2A:81-11.
Thus, based only on a reading of the statute, an adverse party called as a
witness by the other side cannot be asked leading questions. Yet case law has
recently given broader discretion to the court and has brought New Jersey
closer to the more liberal federal rules. See Application of Howard
Savings Bank, Newark, Essex County, 143 N.J.Super. 1, 362 A.2d 592(App.Div.
1976); State v. Rajnai, 132 N.J.Super. 530, 334 A.2d 364 (App.Div.
1975).
Attention is called to N.J.S.A. 2A:81-6,
which states that parties in all civil actions "shall be sworn and shall
give
[245 N.J. Super. 317]
evidence therein when called by the
adverse party.... This section shall not apply to actions in
divorce." N.J.S.A. 2A:81-5, L. 1900, c. 150,
§ 5, since repealed, referred to the testimony of a party "in any action
or proceeding for divorce on account of adultery to give evidence for the
other, except to prove the fact of marriage...." The Court of Errors and
Appeals interpreted that repealed section of the statute when a wife was called
to corroborate evidence of her adultery, and held that while a husband or wife
was not a compellable witness, neither was the spouse in anyway incompetent to
testify. Schaab v. Schaab, 66 N.J. Eq. 334,
57 A. 1090 (E. & A. 1903). As the Legislature has not
passed a new law which would guide courts with greater specificity when a party
is called as a witness in a matrimonial action, and N.J.S.A. 2A:81-6,
based on its historical application, is clearly not meant to eliminate the
possibility of such testimony, this court must apply its own standards in order
to attain a justifiable end commensurate with the fluid nature of the law, in
general, and the growing complexity of divorce law, in particular. Thus, in
order for plaintiff to glean as much necessary factual information regarding
defendant's income and marital assets so that an equitable decision can be
reached, defendant here may be called to testify as he would in any other civil
litigation and the procedures which would restrict plaintiff to direct
examination and bind her by his testimony "must yield to reason and common
sense." Becker v. Eisenstodt, supra, 60 N.J.
Super. at 249, 158
A.2d 706. See also
Hickman v. Pace, 82 N.J.Super. 483, 198 A.2d 123 (App.Div.
1964). Therefore, plaintiff need not vouch for defendant's truthfulness, but
may leave same to the judgment of the court based upon the answers given
to all questions asked.
This is not to say that when an
adverse party is called to the stand that party may not claim any of those
privileges afforded to all witnesses under the New Jersey rules of
evidence. Evid.R. 23-38. Had defendant refused to testify as
to certain facts which would directly, inferentially or indirectly
[245 N.J. Super. 318]
incriminate him, such claim of
privilege would certainly stand even though this is a civil rather than a
criminal matter. Evid.R. 24, Comment 2; State v.
Kobrin Securities, Inc., 221 N.J.Super. 169, 534 A.2d 55 (App.Div.
1987). Since no such privilege was claimed and none other is apparently
applicable herein, defendant's testimony shall be deemed fully competent.
Thus, it is well within the
discretion of this court to permit the procedure where a party to a divorce
action may be called by the opposition. Generally, a witness may not ordinarily
be labeled as "hostile" merely because he is adverse when he has not
been uncooperative nor testified in an unexpected manner. State v.
Dwyer, 229 N.J.Super. 531, 552 A.2d 200(App.Div.
1989). However, divorce actions do not reach trial unless and, in fact, no
agreement can be attained without the intervention of the court. The parties
are as "adversarial" and as "hostile" as the non-legal
definitions of those terms would import. The litigants clearly would not
testify for the other on a purely voluntary basis. Under such circumstances, in
a divorce action a court may declare the adverse party witness
"hostile per se" and may grant the other party the
"broad latitude" to examine the witness through the use of cross
examination, and, as such, will not be bound by such testimony. [245 N.J. Super. 318]
