NJAC 13:45A-16.2 Unlawful practices

NJAC 13:45A-16.2 Unlawful practices

		(a) Without limiting any other practices which may be unlawful under the Consumer Fraud Act, N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 et seq., utilization by a seller of the following acts and practices involving the sale, attempted sale, advertisement or performance of home improvements shall be unlawful hereunder.

		1. Model home representations: Misrepresent or falsely state to a prospective buyer that the buyer‘s residential or noncommercial property is to serve as a “model” or “advertising job”, or use any other prospective buyer lure to mislead the buyer into believing that a price reduction or other compensation will be received by reason of such representations;

		2. Product and material representations: Misrepresent directly or by implication that products or materials to be used in the home improvement:

		i. Need no periodic repainting, finishing, maintenance or other service;

		ii. Are of a specific or well-known brand name, or are produced by a specific manufacturer or exclusively distributed by the seller;

		iii. Are of a specific size, weight, grade or quality, or possess any other distinguishing characteristics or features;

		iv. Perform certain functions or substitute for, or are equal in performance to, other products or materials;

		v. Meet or exceed municipal, state, federal, or other applicable standards or requirements;

		vi. Are approved or recommended by any governmental agency, person, firm or organization, or that they are the users of such products or materials;

		vii. Are of sufficient size, capacity, character or nature to do the job expected or represented;

		viii. Are or will be custom-built or specially designed for the needs of the buyer; or

		ix. May be serviced or repaired within the buyer‘s immediate trade area, or be maintained with replacement and repair parts which are readily available.

		3. Bait selling:

		i. Offer or represent specific products or materials as being for sale, where the purpose or effect of the offer or representation is not to sell as represented but to bait or entice the buyer into the purchase of other or higher priced substitute products or materials;

		ii. Disparage, degrade or otherwise discourage the purchase of products or materials offered or represented by the seller as being for sale to induce the buyer to purchase other or higher priced substitute products or materials;

		iii. Refuse to show, demonstrate or sell products or materials as advertised, offered, or represented as being for sale;

		iv. Substitute products or materials for those specified in the home improvement contract, or otherwise represented or sold for use in the making of home improvements by sample, illustration or model, without the knowledge or consent of the buyer;

		v. Fail to have available a quantity of the advertised product sufficient to meet reasonably anticipated demands; or

		vi. Misrepresent that certain products or materials are unavailable or that there will be a long delay in their manufacture, delivery, service or installation in order to induce a buyer to purchase other or higher priced substitute products or materials from the seller.

		4. Identity of seller:

		i. Deceptively gain entry into the prospective buyer‘s home or onto the buyer‘s property under the guise of any governmental or public utility inspection, or otherwise misrepresent that the seller has any official right, duty or authority to conduct an inspection;

		ii. Misrepresent that the seller is an employee, office or representative of a manufacturer, importer or any other person, firm or organization, or a member of any trade association, or that such person, firm or organization will assume some obligation in fulfilling the terms of the contract;

		iii. Misrepresent the status, authority or position of the sales representative in the organization he represents;

		iv. Misrepresent that the sales representative is an employee or representative of or works exclusively for a particular seller; or

		v. Misrepresent that the seller is part of any governmental or public agency in any printed or oral communication including but not limited to leaflets, tracts or other printed material, or that any licensing denotes approval by the governmental agency.

		5. Gift offers:

		i. Offer or advertise any gift, free item or bonus without fully disclosing the terms or conditions of the offer, including expiration date of the offer and when the gift, free item or bonus will be given; or

		ii. Fail to comply with the terms of such offer.

		6. Price and financing:

		i. Misrepresent to a prospective buyer that an introductory, confidential, close-out, going out of business, factory, wholesale, or any other special price or discount is being given, or that any other concession is made because of a market survey or test, use of materials left over from another job, or any other reason;

		ii. Misrepresent that any person, firm or organization, whether or not connected with the seller, is especially interested in seeing that the prospective buyer gets a bargain, special price, discount or any other benefit or concession;

		iii. Misrepresent or mislead the prospective buyer into believing that insurance or some other form of protection will be furnished to relieve the buyer from obligations under the contract if the buyer becomes ill, dies or is unable to make payments;

		iv. Misrepresent or mislead the buyer into believing that no obligation will be incurred because of the signing of any document, or that the buyer will be relieved of some or all obligations under the contract by the signing of any documents;

		v. Request the buyer to sign a certificate of completion, or make final payment on the contract before the home improvement is completed in accordance with the terms of the contract;

		vi. Misrepresent or fail to disclose that the offered or contract price does not include delivery or installation, or that other requirements must be fulfilled by the buyer as a condition to the performance of labor, services, or the furnishing of products or materials at the offered or contract price;

		vii. Mislead the prospective buyer into believing that the down payment or any other sum constitutes the full amount the buyer will be obligated to pay;

		viii. Misrepresent or fail to disclose that the offered or contract price does not include all financing charges, interest service charges, credit investigation costs, building or installation permit fees, or other obligations, charges, cost or fees to be paid by the buyer;

		ix. Advise or induce the buyer to inflate the value of the buyer‘s property or assets, or to misrepresent or falsify the buyer‘s true financial position in order to obtain credit; or

		x. Increase or falsify the contract price, or induce the buyer by any means to misrepresent or falsify the contract price or value of the home improvement for financing purposes or to obtain additional credit.

		7. Performance:

		i. Deliver materials, begin work, or use any similar tactic to unduly pressure the buyer into a home improvement contract, or make any claim or assertion that a binding contract has been agreed upon where no final agreement or understanding exists;

		ii. Fail to begin or complete work on the date or within the time period specified in the home improvement contract, or as otherwise represented, unless the delay is for reason of labor stoppage; unavailability of supplies or materials, unavoidable casualties, or any other cause beyond the seller‘s control. Any changes in the dates or time periods stated in a written contract shall be agreed to in writing; or

		iii. Fail to give timely written notice to the buyer of reasons beyond the seller‘s control for any delay in performance, and when the work will begin or be completed.

		8. Competitors:

		i. Misrepresent that the work of a competitor was performed by the seller;

		ii. Misrepresent that the seller‘s products, materials or workmanship are equal to or better than those of a competitor; or

		iii. Use or imitate the trademarks, trade names, labels or other distinctive marks of a competitor.

		9. Sales representations:

		i. Misrepresent or mislead the buyer into believing that a purchase will aid or help some public, charitable, religious, welfare or veterans’ organization, or misrepresent the extent of such aid or assistance;

		ii. Knowingly fail to make any material statement of fact, qualification or explanation if the omission of such statement, qualification or explanation causes an advertisement, announcement, statement or representation to be false, deceptive or misleading; or

		iii. Misrepresent that the customer‘s present equipment, material, product, home or a part thereof is dangerous or defective, or in need of repair or replacement.

		10. Building permits:

		i. No seller contracting for the making of home improvements shall commence work until he is sure that all applicable state or local building and construction permits have been issued as required under state laws or local ordinances; or

		ii. Where midpoint or final inspections are required under state laws or local ordinances, copies of inspection certificates shall be furnished to the buyer by the seller when construction is completed and before final payment is due or the signing of a completion slip is requested of the buyer.

		11. Guarantees or warranties:

		i. The seller shall furnish the buyer a written copy of all guarantees or warranties made with respect to labor services, products or materials furnished in connection with home improvements. Such guarantees or warranties shall be specific, clear and definite and shall include any exclusions or limitations as to their scope or duration. Copies of all guarantees or warranties shall be furnished to the buyer at the time the seller presents his bid as well as at the time of execution of the contract, except that separate guarantees or warranties of the manufacturer of products or materials may be furnished at the time such products or materials are installed.

		12. Home improvement contract requirements-writing requirement: All home improvement contracts for a purchase price in excess of $ 500.00, and all changes in the terms and conditions thereof shall be in writing. Home improvement contracts which are required by this subsection to be in writing, and all changes in the terms and conditions thereof, shall be signed by all parties thereto, and shall clearly and accurately set forth in legible form and in understandable language all terms and conditions of the contract, including, but not limited to, the following:

		i. The legal name and business address of the seller, including the legal name and business address of the sales representative or agent who solicited or negotiated the contract for the seller;

		ii. A description of the work to be done and the principal products and materials to be used or installed in performance of the contract. The description shall include, where applicable, the name, make, size, capacity, model, and model year of principal products or fixtures to be installed, and the type, grade, quality, size or quantity of principal building or construction materials to be used. Where specific representations are made that certain types of products or materials will be used, or the buyer has specified that certain types of products are to be used, a description of such products or materials shall be clearly set forth in the contract;

		iii. The total price or other consideration to be paid by the buyer, including all finance charges. If the contract is one for time and materials, the hourly rate for labor and all other terms and conditions of the contract affecting price shall be clearly stated;

		iv. The dates or time period on or within which the work is to begin and be completed by the seller;

		v. A description of any mortgage or security interest to be taken in connection with the financing or sale of the home improvement; and

		vi. A statement of any guarantee or warranty with respect to any products, materials, labor or services made by the seller.

		13. Disclosures and obligations concerning preservation of buyers’ claims and defenses:

		i. If a person other than the seller is to act as the general contractor or assume responsibility for performance of the contract, the name and address of such person shall be disclosed in the oral or written contract, except as otherwise agreed, and the contract shall not be sold or assigned without the written consent of the buyer;

		ii. No home improvement contract shall require or entail the execution of any note, unless such note shall have conspicuously printed thereon the disclosures required by either State law (N.J.S.A. 17:16C-64.2 (consumer note)) or Federal law ( 16 C.F.R. section 433.2) concerning the preservation of buyers’ claims and defenses.

		HISTORY

		HISTORY:

		Petition for Rulemaking: Denied.

		See: 21 N.J.R. 3565(b).

		Amended by R.1990 d.125, effective February 20, 1990.

		See: 21 N.J.R. 3433(b), 22 N.J.R. 662(d).

		Threshold amount at (a)12. changed from $ 25.00 to $ 100.00.

		Amended by R.1995 d.618, effective December 4, 1995.

		See: 27 N.J.R. 3566(a), 27 N.J.R. 4899(b).

		Petition for Rulemaking: Denied.

		See: 31 N.J.R. 2983(a).

		Amended by R.2004 d.418, effective November 1, 2004 (operative November 9, 2004).

		See: 36 N.J.R. 3506(a), 36 N.J.R. 4984(a).

		In (a), substituted "$ 500.00” for "$ 200.00” following “in excess of” and inserted “and in understandable language” following “in legible form” in he introductory paragraph of 12.

		LAW REVIEW AND JOURNAL COMMENTARIES —

		Predatory lending recognized as a basis for civil-rights claims. Mary P. Gallagher, 165 N.J.L.J. 405 (2001).

		Consumer Fraud Act-Attorneys’ Fees. Steven P. Bann, 138 N.J.L.J. No. 3, 45 (1994).

		Case Notes

		Air conditioning subcontractor was not subject to provisions of Consumer Fraud Act (CFA) in suit against homeowner to recover full contract price for installation of air conditioning units into existing house, where owner engaged services of an architect to prepare plans and a general contractor, who hired the subcontractor, homeowner left it to the general contractor to make the choices as to who would perform air conditioning portion of project, and subcontractor dealt directly with homeowner for payment only, at general contractor‘s request, when price dispute arose, after the work had been completed. Messeka Sheet Metal Co., Inc. v. Hodder, 368 N.J. Super. 116, 845 A.2d 646.

		Homeowner was equitably estopped from invoking regulation adopted under Consumer Fraud Act requiring all home improvement contracts in excess $ 200 to be in writing; it was the homeowner who insisted that a written contract was unnecessary and because homeowner was in home improvement business and should have known applicable regulations. D‘Egidio Landscaping v. Apicella, 337 N.J.Super. 252 (A.D.2001).

		Homeowner was not entitled to treble damages for violation of consumer fraud regulation where there was no evidence of damages flowing from failure to specify starting and completion dates. Branigan v. Level on the Level, Inc., 326 N.J.Super. 24, 740 A.2d 643 (N.J.Super.A.D. 1999).

		Unoccupied property having both residential and commercial uses qualified as “residential or noncommercial property” under Consumer Fraud Act; Act precluded enforcement of alleged oral renovation contract between electrical subcontractor and shareholder of property‘s corporate owner. Marascio v. Campanella, 298 N.J.Super. 491, 689 A.2d 852 (A.D.1997).

		“Unlawful” within meaning of Consumer Fraud Act; no person misled or deceived. Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 138 N.J. 2, 647 A.2d 454 (1994).

		Merchant who agreed to perform home improvement work on residence engaged in “unlawful acts”. Cox v. Sears Roebuck& Co., 138 N.J. 2, 647 A.2d 454 (1994).

		Violation of specific regulation; strict liability. Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 138 N.J. 2, 647 A.2d 454 (1994).

		Homeowner sustained “ascertainable loss” within meaning of the Consumer Fraud Act. Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 138 N.J. 2, 647 A.2d 454 (1994).

		Property was residential in character under Consumer Fraud Act, even though part was used as a tavern and liquor store. Blake Const. v. Pavlick, 236 N.J.Super. 73, 564 A.2d 130 (L.1989).

		Regulations did not exceed Consumer Fraud Act authority. Blake Const. v. Pavlick, 236 N.J.Super. 73, 564 A.2d 130 (L.1989).

		Home improvement contract did not comply with Consumer Fraud Act and was enforceable. Blake Const. v. Pavlick, 236 N.J.Super. 73, 564 A.2d 130 (L.1989).

		Finding of N.J.A.C. 13:45A-16.2(a)6v violation upheld; total recovery under the Consumer Fraud Act for compensatory damages in small claims division court may not exceed $ 1,000; judgment reduced to limit. Wisser v. Kaufman Carpet Co., Inc., 188 N.J.Super. 574, 458 A.2d 119 (App.Div.1983).

		Violation of Consumer Fraud Act. Swiss v. Williams, 184 N.J.Super. 243, 445 A.2d 486 (Dist. Ct. of Mercer Co.1982).